Relevance Of Kant’s Ideas In Today’s Modern World Free Essays

In his Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant formulated his theory of the Universal Law, which states that a person must act according to the maxim that he or she can will to become a universal law. Simply put, that maxim behind one’s behavior must be a principle that any other individual can apply, something that one â€Å"can rationally will that everyone adopt† (Van der Linden). Under this Kantian law, the very notion of harming one’s future self becomes a preposterous, if not criminal, idea because one cannot obviously will everybody to follow suit. We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance Of Kant’s Ideas In Today’s Modern World or any similar topic only for you Order Now The believe that in a government working its way towards the equality of its citizens. Freedom, for Kant, is obtained through a universal theory of right. Morality is at the center of Kant’s freedom and this is crucial in forming a government. John got his freedom, through murdering the tyrant. And in this case, the freedom and the rights of the rich man, tyrant as he is, was stepped upon proving the unrighteousness of the action. Kant values the sense of freedom in relation to reason. If man is fated or causally determined, then it is pointless for freedom to exist as man has already a determined course of actions. John earned the trust of the people by recognizing the general will of the community, or what is known as the people’s will. Acknowledging the general will creates the laws of the society. These laws, however, should be grounded by the good of the people. Only with the consent of the people will the laws and, ultimately, the government will turn to be legitimate. Kant defines the ideal government in such a way that morality is at the center of it. And with this notion, the actions of John were not justifiable. John’s government started out with a wrong foot, his concealment of the murder of the tyrant. Although this brought about the freedom of the people, the method of doing so was immoral in Kant’s views. This is the kind of society that is ideally set up. The theme of Kant’s moral philosophy is on how people deserve to be happy and not happiness in itself. This is prevalent in the teachings of John gave away the tyrant’s wealth to the people because they deserve to be happy. The morality of man’s actions does not depend on the outcome of the actions. However, we can control the reason behind the action. The morality then rests upon the motivation behind the action. But a motivation of a positive goal, such as making people happy or benefiting the people the same way as John did, is not the right motive, according to Kant. â€Å"No outcome, should we achieve it, can be unconditionally good. Fortune can be misused, by what we thought would induce benefit that might actually bring harm, and happiness might be undeserved. [†¦] It is the possession of a rationally guided will that adds a moral dimension to one’s acts. So it is the recognition and appreciation of duty itself that must drive our actions† (McCormick 2001). Morality of one’s actions is defined by pursuing a goal with no conditions. The reason is not the means for the ends. â€Å"All means to an end have a merely conditional worth because they are valuable only for achieving something else† (McCormick 2001). Thus, John’s actions were not morally right. He used immoral ways in achieving his goal. And this could also be used in performing other actions leading to harm of other people. Kant stresses that the moral worth of an action is not based on its effects, or on anything else publicly visible about it, but rather on why the agent performed it. Kant believes that the highest good requires both our moral perfection and our well being proportionate to our moral perfection, but we are not capable of bringing about either of those. It is in God that ultimate happiness commensurable to goodness can be experienced. Goodness and happiness can only be reached through actions towards morality, a maxim of duty that disregards the conditions. How to cite Relevance Of Kant’s Ideas In Today’s Modern World, Papers

MEDIA, CULTURE AND SOCIETY Essay Example For Students

MEDIA, CULTURE AND SOCIETY Essay -THE NEWS MEDIAHorror movie right there on my TVShocking me right out of my brainsHorror movie, its the six thirty News. The Skyhooks. The news media is in our face each and everyday with immaculate women and fatherly men bringing us up to date around the clock. I am, of course, specifically talking about television news, however, much of what I will say is true for radio and print news as well. But what is news? Stuart Hall, 1978 quotes:At any given moment billions of simultaneous events occur throughout the worldAll of these occurrences are potentially news. They do not become so until some purveyor of news gives an account of them. The news is the account of an event, not something instringic in the event itself. When considering the social production of news we should also discuss what is thought to be newsworthy. By looking at headline news stories we can see that they contain elements of drama and intrigue. In this paper I will look specifically at the three commercial evening news programs in South Australia seen on channels 7, 9 and 10. In looking closely at the social production of news in South Australia I will reflect on the connections drawn between the news media, cultural meanings and everyday social life. As the quote in the first paragraph says, billions of events happen around the world everyday. What we are considering are the elements that make an event newsworthy, meaning the event is of enough interest to enough people to keep the audience watching and thus the companies buying their advertising time. News programs face problems of regularly producing and distributing a commodity that is both irregular and unpredictable. The production is governed by deadlines and what is referred to as the news hole which is the twenty two minutes each night that needs to be filled with news. So whether war breaks out or a cat gets stuck up a tree, whether it is a light news day or a heavy one the twenty two minutes gets filled nothing more nothing less. (Tiffen, R. 1989)We need to keep in mind that it is imperative that commercial news programs appeal to populist views. To keep selling advertising spaces at top dollar the news programs need to keep up the ratings. This in turn explains why com mercial news programs report events that will be of interest to the majority and never concentrate on stories which are relevant or interesting to a minority group only. Journalists render stories as newsworthy to fill the news hole, to fit the deadlines and appeal to the majority to keep ratings. There is also a whole set of news values which constitute good news. The most primary value is that the story is out of the ordinary, stories which in some way breach our normal expectations about social life.(Hall et al. 1978) Extraordinariness, however, is not the only news value in making good news. Other news values include events that happen to the elite and famous personalities, events which are dramatic or show human characteristics of humour, sadness or sentimentality etc. and events which have a negative consequence or events which are part of an existing newsworthy theme. Perennial themes such as football, the Melbourne Cup or Christmas find a regular place as good news. Also local news is considered very important and often stories will headline specifically because of their local content. (Hall et al. 1978)Before writing this paper I viewed all three commercial evening news programs in South Australia from Tuesday the 29th of October, I took notes on the type of events each station thought to be newsworthy. Sure enough the previously mentioned news values were evident in South Australian commercial news. All three news programs had approximately the same format, roughly eight important and short stories then an ad break, four or five global and general interest stories then another ad break followed by sport, ads and weather to conclude. Channel Ten was slightly different as it is an hour long, it included a recap on major stories and more general interest stories. At this stage I will look at the stories that are reported before the first ad break as these are considered to be the most newsworthy. It is clear to see just how well local stories rate if we look at the opening stories on each news program. Eight out of the ten opening stories on channel Nine were South Australian. The only national stories to come before the ad break were a murder case in Victoria and an increase in wages for the Coles Myer chief. Channel Seven was slightly more balanced with four national stories and four South Australian stories. However, it was interesting to see that channel Seven only reported one international story in the entire program. Channel Ten had six South Australian stories out of seven. It seems that South Australians only wish to hear about South Australians, even if this means hearing about the Christmas pageant before a fatal building collapse in Cairo, as we did on channel Nine. GAY MARRIAGES EssayTelevision news is, no doubt, dominated by visual aesthetics, what looks good is interesting and pleasing to watch. The visual back up of each story confirms it validity making television a trustworthy source of information. Every story in my observation contained pictures from both the event and/or the channel library. It has been said that if a story doesnt carry footage it is not considered newsworthy and may not run at all. This visual style of television news is typically American and is quite different to the traditional English style. In the 1950s the BBC had no moving pictures with their news coverage at all. It was simply the radio news played over a picture of the Big Ben. (Henningham, 1988)For communication to be possible you need a speaker and a listener to interact. We know a lot about news readers but what do they know about us? How do they view their viewers?It is said that journalists know little about their audience, partly because they dont have access to the information. Their opinion of their audience is low, deriving this opinion mainly from the people who call in to the show. One journalist said If the station callers are representative of their whole audience them we are all in big trouble. (Henningham, 1988)Television news is the most trusted form of news today. Yet most of us know we dont always get the whole truth and nothing but the truth. News programs are made in tight deadlines and the news hole has to be filled no matter what happened during the day. Journalists will organise programs by following news values to decide what stories are newsworthy. This is why Adelaide commercial news usually contains a great deal of local content, stories of drama, emotion and negativity, personalities, perennial themes, populist views and of course visuals, visuals, visuals. While television news has the facade of an honest and reliable form of news media it is quite clearly shows a misrepresentation of everyday social life, thus creating meaning and myth in our culture.

Criticism on George Orwells 1984 Essay Example

Criticism on George Orwells 1984 Essay Madness is a label created by society in order to imprison its dreamers. It is often usual to lock up critics of cruel commands, because creative people can be dangerous to totalitarian control. The critical essay â€Å"George Orwell and the Mad World: The Anti-Universe of 1984† by Ralph A. Ranald discusses the theme of controlled madness and of a reverse society in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. Ranald argues that Nineteen Eighty-Four is about â€Å"†¦religion reversed, law and government reversed, and above all, language reversed: not simply corrupted, but reversed† (Ranald 251). He refers to Winston as an â€Å"antihero† (Ranald 250), and â€Å"implies the ability to have ones mind changed, but in the condition of controlled insanity† (Ranald 251). Ranald claims that through the breakdown of communication, the pain of â€Å"all† (Ranald 251) human relations and the â€Å"passive† (Ranald 253) characteristics of Winston Smith that the society can be revealed as â€Å"mad† (Ranald 251) in Oceania, but this is incorrect. Nineteen Eighty-Four uses communication to spread its totalitarian messages, reveals a love between relationships and exposes Winston as an active persona in the pursuit of rebellion. Ranald’s main argumentative idea about communication is that it is collapsing in Nineteen Eighty-Four when really, it is growing. His opinion on the â€Å"†¦ breakdown in communication – not extension but breakdown†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ranald 251) is weak because the only way Big Brother has power is by its influence on messages. We will write a custom essay sample on Criticism on George Orwells 1984 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Criticism on George Orwells 1984 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Criticism on George Orwells 1984 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Telescreens in the novel were the most important form of communication used. They were bi-directional, pushing propaganda while acting as a security camera in every room, it â€Å"could be dimmed, but there was no way of shutting it off completely† (Orwell 3). From every square and alley, the signs and propaganda for the face of a man of about forty-five, with a heavy black moustache and ruggedly handsome features (Orwell 3) overcome you. To say that â€Å"the deliberate, managed breakdown in communication †¦ at the linguistic level and indeed in all media†¦ (Ranald 251) is a â€Å"†¦master theme† (Ranald 251) of Orwell in Nineteen Eighty-Four is absurd, as communication just from â€Å"A single flicker of the eyes could give you away (Orwell 39). It is the huge role of communication that keeps people like Winston afraid of Big Brother, and furthers the plot of the novel. Despite the hurt between most relationships throughout Nineteen Eighty-Four, to say that â€Å"all human relationships are based on pain† (Ranald 251) in the novel is false. Although I would agree that the O’Brian-Winston interactions would categorize under pain, the Winston-Julia relationship is about desire. Ranald fails to see that not all â€Å"human beings communicate†¦ by inflicting pain on each other†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ranald 252) Winston’s love for Julia is what kept him alive for so long, for at â€Å"the sight of the words I love you the desire to stay alive had welled up in him, and the taking of minor risks suddenly seemed stupid (Orwell 115). This quote proves that not all relationships are based on pain, only manipulated that way to make people afraid of defying the party. By showing the â€Å"†¦ simple undifferentiated desire: that was the force that would tear the Party to pieces (Orwell 132), stopping the power of Big Brother. Ranald’s views on Winston’s character are inaccurate and weak because it portrays Winston as an â€Å"antihero† (Ranald 250), â€Å"passive and not self-aware† (Ranald 253), when actually his character represents hope and humanist views for all readers. Winston’s bravery, although sometimes looked over, cannot be dismissed. Acts such as thought crime and buying from the black market, as well as rebellion to Big Brother with Julia through defiance are not considered â€Å"passive† (Ranald 253). At the Ministry of Love, his encounter with O’Brian is heroic: OBrien held up his left hand, its back towards Winston, with the thumb hidden and the four fingers extended. ‘How many fingers am I holding up, Winston? Four. And if the Party says that it is not four but fivethen how many? Four (Orwell 261-262). Even though Winston knew he would be tortured for his answer, he refused to give into Big Brother’s ways, a true hero and the last bit of humanity in Oceania. Winston only finally gives in because in â€Å"the face of pain there are no heroes† (Orwell 251). Reading Ranald’s criticism on Nineteen Eighty-Four was disappointing because his argumentative points were flawed. Although it made one think about the madness of Oceanian government, as well as the reversed society, it didn’t persuade the audience to thinking that what he was saying was undoubtedly true. Ralph A. Ranald couldn’t prove that the communication was deteriorating, every single relationship was based on pain or that Winston’s character was a by-stander throughout the novel. To agree with everything Ranald had said, that, would be madness. Works Cited Ranald, Ralph. George Orwell and the Mad World: The Anti-Universe of 1984. Vol. 7. GaleGroup, 250-254. Print. Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. New York, New York, USA: Penguin Group,1954. Print.

Qualitative and quantative research is to analyze and interpret data Essays

Qualitative and quantative research is to analyze and interpret data Essays Qualitative and quantative research is to analyze and interpret data Essay Qualitative and quantative research is to analyze and interpret data Essay Qualitative and quantitative research designs are used to roll up, analyze and interpret informations so that more meaningful information is obtained. Qualitative research efforts to set up a mostly narrative, and holistic description to enable the research worker understand about a given cultural or societal phenomenon. A qualitative research is conducted within natural scenes with the usage of interviews, paperss reappraisals, and observations which can be used at the same clip. Qualitative research has got many features including being inductive, subjective and being realistic among other features. Qualitative research uses purposeful type of trying to roll up informations. Quantitative research is the orderly experimental probe of phenomena and quantitative belongingss and their relationships. Quantitative research is loosely used in societal scientific disciplines for case, sociology, political scientific discipline, psychological science and anthropology. The quantitative research designs are either experimental or descriptive. Quantitative research is characterized by being deductive, nonsubjective, and usage of Numberss. It uses random trying to obtain informations from a given population. Qualitative research design Qualitative research can be defined as the system of question that attempts to set up a mostly narrative, and holistic description to enable the research worker understand about a given cultural or societal phenomenon. A qualitative research is conducted within natural scenes with the usage of interviews, paperss reappraisals, and observations which can be used at the same clip. Therefore a qualitative research design is a program for assemblage and using the qualitative information for the coveted information to be obtained with equal preciseness or in order for the void hypothesis to be tested in the right manner. Qualitative research covers many signifiers of enquiry that are of import in understanding and explicating the significance of societal phenomena with really small perturbation to the natural scenes if any. The signifiers of enquiry include realistic enquiry, field survey, interpretive research, instance survey, descriptive anthropology, participant observation, and induc tive research ( Maxwell, 2005 ) . Qualitative survey has got several features and they include realistic enquiry, holistic position, inductive analysis, qualitative information, personal contact and penetration, alone instance orientation, dynamic systems, empathic neutrality, context sensitiveness, subjectiveness and design flexibleness. Naturalistic enquiry is concerned with analyzing state of affairss in the real-world without pull stringsing or upseting the participants, and holding an observation on what takes topographic point such that the facts are accepted as they unfold. Naturalistic enquiry goes beyond mensurable or touchable variables to focus on on the research participants societal buildings. Social buildings are the merchandises of sense devising, intending doing mental activities in which human existences take part as a consequence of interaction with others. Social buildings are critical since they can find the response of persons or groups to state of affairss, interactions, and events that they encounter. It is non the event, interaction, or state of affairs which influences the response of an single, but instead the point of view, societal location, age, gender, societal category, values, beliefs, and attitudes determines their response ( Ritchie A ; Lewis, 2003 ) . The holistic position is another feature of qualitative survey. It is concerned with scrutiny of the whole phenomenon as a many-sided system. Inductive analysis is a characteristic of qualitative research in which an person is involved in blossoming informations, in order to detect the concealed interrelatednesss and dimensions every bit good as analyzing the unfastened inquiries. Unique instance orientation is a feature in which each and every single instance is given value and examined closely, with the thought of roll uping the inside informations of the instances which predominate. Qualitative research design is subjective such that the research worker is actively involved in the state of affairs of research ( Ritchie A ; Lewis, 2003 ) . With qualitative research, a type of trying called purposeful sampling is used to roll up informations for analysis. Purposeful is a type of trying that picks out information that is rich in instances for the intent of in-depth survey. This information that is rich in instances is one that provides a research worker with a great trade of issues refering cardinal importance to the purpose of research. There are many types of purposeful trying viz. , strength sampling, extreme and aberrant instance sampling, maximal fluctuation sampling, typical instance sampling, homogenous sampling, stratified purposeful sampling, concatenation or sweet sand verbena sampling, critical instance sampling, standard sampling, timeserving sampling, corroborating and disconfirming instance sampling, operational sampling, assorted purposeful sampling, and convenience sampling ( Maxwell, 2005 ) . The purposeful sampling is a really of import technique in qualitative research since it increases the effectivity of a plan as the research worker reaches the lower socioeconomic groups. The research worker can now larn much more by sing in deepness on understanding the involvements, inducements, and demands of a little figure of carefully chosen unfortunate households such that it is economical and really enlightening. The research worker will be able to concentrate on the typical cases which can expose a broad assortment ( Ritchie A ; Lewis, 2003 ) . Quantitative research design Quantitative research can be defined as the orderly experimental probe of phenomena and quantitative belongingss and how they are related. The purpose of quantitative research is to construct up and use the theories, hypotheses, and mathematical theoretical accounts holding to make with phenomena. The measuring procedure is cardinal to quantitative research since it offers the cardinal connexion between the mathematical looks of quantitative dealingss and the empirical observations. Quantitative research is loosely used in societal scientific disciplines for case, sociology, political scientific discipline, psychological science and anthropology. In quantitative research, the research worker s purpose is to happen out the relationship between an independent variable and the result or dependant variable within a population. The quantitative research designs are either experimental or descriptive. In a descriptive survey, topics are usually measured one time and the survey establishes simply the relationships between different variables while in an experimental survey the topics are evaluates before and after an intercession and the survey establishes causality ( Creswell, 2003 ) . There are three major types of quantitative research designs viz. , descriptive, quasi-experimental, and experimental research design. A descriptive research design is designed to obtain adequate information sing a certain feature in a given field of survey. It is possible for a descriptive survey to assist in developing theory, placing jobs utilizing current pattern, warranting the current pattern and in doing judgements sing what other may be making while in similar state of affairss. The quasi-experimental designs are meant to give alternate agencies to analyze causality in those state of affairss which are non favourable to experimental control. The experimental research design is designed to promote the highest sum of control in order for the causality to be examined closely ( Punch, 2005 ) . Quantitative research is normally characterized by being deductive, nonsubjective, and can utilize Numberss. Bing deductive agencies that quantitative research trials theory. Quantitative research is nonsubjective because the research worker is believed to obtain, analyze and construe a quantitative information or information, while being isolated. Quantitative research uses the informations that can be structured in signifier of numerical values or that can be converted into Numberss instantly ( Creswell, 2003 ) . Random sampling is a technique that is used during the quantitative research, and it deals with taking a figure of observations which are independent, from a given chance distribution without prosecuting any existent population. A sample is an point selected from a given population under survey, for investigational intents. A random sample is the point that is selected by a technique affecting an irregular constituent. Some times random fluctuations occur, which means that the sample does non stand for the population from which is obtained, and this is referred to as trying mistake. The different types of trying include simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and bunch sampling ( Punch, 2005 ) . In simple random sampling, a sample is chosen such that all samples with similar size are given an equal opportunity of being chosen from the population under probe. Stratified sampling is concerned with taking independent samples from different groups, strata, or subpopulations in a given population under probe. In graded sampling, wise stratification brings about efficiency. Cluster sampling is concerned with taking the sample units within a group under probe ( Creswell, 2003 ) . Differences between quantitative and qualitative research designs Both qualitative and quantitative designs are systematic since to measure up for a specifying rule of research the designs must hold a system. The quantitative research is believed to be nonsubjective while qualitative research is thought to be subjective. It is believed that, in obtaining, analysing and construing a quantitative information or information, the research worker can remain on stray and nonsubjective. This is non the instance with qualitative research since with this type of research the research worker actively involved within the state of affairs of research. Quantitative research is deductive while most qualitative research is inductive. Bing deductive, quantitative research trials theory while the qualitative research generates theory and hence inductive. By the usage of quantitative designs of research, research workers normally obtain consequences that can be easy generalized while the qualitative designs of research normally produce the consequences that are non easy to generalise. Quantitative research uses the informations that can be structured in signifier of numerical values or that can be converted into Numberss instantly while qualitative research uses informations that can non be transported instantly into numerical values.

Financial Costs of Diabetes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Financial Costs of Diabetes - Research Paper Example Though the structure of the health expenditure survey is not useful for approximating nationwide complications and costs of diabetes, it can however give details of how diabetes has affected individual patients and their families economically. Diabetic patients have been using medical services more than other individuals diagnosed with another disease which makes their medical expense higher. This is especially with their medication where in some circumstances they are forced to use out of pocket expenses. In the year 2007, the economic cost of diabetes was estimated to be $174 billion in the United States of America (Javitt and Chiang, 2001). 116 billion dollars was the estimate of direct medical costs while 58 billion dollars was due to other expenses such as disability brought by diabetes, lost workdays and restricted activities in the health center. At an average, people diagnosed with diabetes use $11,744 annually, with $6649 being attributed to diabetes (Javitt and Chiang, 2001). Approximately 1/5 of health care dollars in the United States is used to care for individuals diagnosed with diabetes while 1/10 of health dollars is contributed to diabetes. People diagnosed with diabetes have higher medical expenditure compared to the rest of the population from health care statistics over the years (Javitt and Chiang, 2001). Diabetic patients and their families are not the only people who are affected economically by the disease but also the community or the society at large. Though they are affected indirectly, the impact is felt even at minimal. When patients are diagnosed with diabetes extra costs are required to cover for their medical care which means a percentage of health care for those who are not diabetic will have to reduce (Javitt and Chiang, 2001).

Learning experiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Learning experiences - Essay Example Bexley Public School, consisting of 320 and located in Sydney’s southern suburbs, is a middle-sized school perfect for this unit. This school has students from diverse backgrounds and cultures. The school takes pride in its diversity; 87.9% of students are from language backgrounds other than English (there are 34 different spoken languages in the school). The school provides a range of programs for children, such as joining the National Partnership for the students’ literacy to be enhanced. The school celebrate holidays such as Harmony Day, Mothers Day, Fathers Day, and Christmas. This unit is suitable for stage 1, year 2, as it teaches them about the different celebrations in their community. More specifically, it teaches them to accept and value the way other people celebrate the same celebrations but in different ways. For instance, there are different ways to celebrate a birthday. As there is a wide range of cultures, it is important for the students to understand the different types of celebrations and how they are celebrated so they can learn how to accept and tolerate people of other cultures. The students will be engaged in researching and participating in different celebrations, as well as talking to guest speakers to understand the unit of celebrations and differences between them. Also, the students must bring their own party decorations to see how each student celebrates. Students will need typing skills; hence, knowledge of Microsoft Word will be necessary. Students will be aware of the activities they will be doing in class. Each of the learning experiences involves hands-on activities that implements cooperative learning. Also, each learning experience commences with a discussion to check the children’s knowledge and whether they learnt anything from previous lessons. Hence, this will allow a discussion to be formed in which the students can make their own contributions to the topic. Hence, through this unit there will be a wide

Labor Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Labor Relations - Essay Example . According to Mithra (2009), binding arbitration is a case whereby a party is asked to make an agreement which provides that if they have a dispute with the contracting partner then they opt to be heard by private arbitrator rather than normal litigation through courts. The contracting parties are bound totally by the decision of the arbitrator hence their case can not be appealed in a court of law. The arbitrator is usually a third party and has the authority to make final decision in accordance to prior arrangements of contracting parties. It can not be stated with certainty when formal processes of arbitration were established in the world but it is known that arbitration as method of resolution of disputes is far much older than courts litigation. Arbitration use can be traced far back from ancient civilizations e.g. Greece, Roman and Egypt. The arbitration act of 1697 was the first English law on arbitration, though arbitration was in common use even before the law came to be. Arbitrations before this law was usually never strong this was mainly due to the parties to arbitration terminating the arbitrators authority if the deemed things were not going well with their expectations on the arbitration Arbitration is a resolution of a dispute by a non partisan third party who gives the final word on the settlement which is final to the parties in arbitration. Arbitration is distinct to mediation, determination by experts, alternative dispute resolution and judicial proceedings. In practice some cases of disputes are not able to be subjected to arbitration this is usually depending on the content of the case that involve arbitration. Examples of procedures that can not be subjected to arbitration include; Where the resolution of the dispute does not require the parties to the dispute to enter any form of agreement e.g., court processes that bind all members of the public or institutions or a dispute that involves public interest, this can be highlighted by the example that antitrust matters in U.S were not arbitral until recently (1980s). Another example of cases not arbitral is ones relating to family, status and crime. This is because the authority of the parties to enter into arbitration on these matters is limited. Private rights disputes are however arbitral. The other case where arbitration cannot apply is where relevant authority would want to protect weaker member who can be easily be disadvantaged by the agreement in arbitration e.g. consumers In arbitration, parties enter into agreement by consensus not by force, however in real life arbitration agreements are usually put in circumstances where like the workers or consumers have very limited or no power to speak for themselves. In some instances clauses on arbitration are placed in areas which render their useful meaning to be unrealistic e.g. within sealed user's manual in products. These agreements are of two kinds; Agreement with a provision for solution of any arising dispute by arbitration they are in most cases normal contracts and usually contain arbitration clauses; Agreements made due to dispute that has arisen consenting that